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2008 American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (The PROSE Awards) Finalist/Honorable mention, Business, Finance & Management.
The Fundamental Index examines a new approach to indexing that can overcome the structural return drag created by traditional capitalization-based indexing strategies, and in so doing, enhance the performance of your portfolio. Throughout this book, Robert Arnott and his colleagues outline this breakthrough strategy and explain how it can be used to improve investment returns, typically at lower risk and lower cost than most conventional investments.
- Sales Rank: #442025 in eBooks
- Published on: 2009-05-18
- Released on: 2009-05-18
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
2008 American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (The PROSE Awards) Finalist/Honorable mention, Business, Finance & Management.
In The Fundamental Index, the leading industry thinker, Rob Arnott and his colleagues, present a new indexing method that captures more return for equity investors. In this important new book, the authors explain how passive, market-capitalization-weighted index investing falls short and fails to serve investors by investing too much in overpriced stocks and too little in underpriced shares. In short, Arnott et al.’s innovative and straightforward strategy provides investors with a new tool for achieving excess returns in a projected low-return environment while preserving the many positive attributes of index fund investing.- Financial Markets and Portfolio Management
"Rob Arnott and his colleagues have, in The Fundamental Index, produced one of the most controversial books in years in the investment world…Investment professionals would be very well advised to read it."- Financial Times
"...one of the most controversial books in years...Investment professionals would be very well advised to read it." (Financial Times, September 15, 2008)
From the Inside Flap
The Fundamental Index® approach is a straightforward concept that weights companies in an indexed portfolio by their current economic scale, rather than by the value of their shares outstanding. In effect, this method shifts the frame of reference for investing from a market-centric view of the world—weighting companies according to how large the market thinks a company will become in the future, and prepays for today—to an economy-centric view—mirroring the current look of the economy. The authors demonstrate that this puts you in a better position to capture considerable profits along the way.
Author Rob Arnott and his colleagues at his innovative investment firm, Research Affiliates, spent several years developing the Fundamental Index methodology. In just over three years, the idea has attracted over $20 billion of investment capital from some of the largest and most sophisticated institutional investors in the world. Now, with this book, Arnott and his coauthors Jason Hsu and John West explore the nuances of this approach, its historical roots, and its many practical applications.
The Fundamental Index examines how this new twist on indexing can overcome the structural return drag created by traditional capitalization-based indexing strategies—which systematically overweight overpriced securities and underweight underpriced securities—and in so doing, enhance the performance of your portfolio. Throughout these pages, Arnott and his colleagues outline this breakthrough strategy and explain how it can be used to improve investment returns, typically at lower risk and lower cost than most conventional investments.
In addition to discussing the powerful long-term performance of this strategy, The Fundamental Indexalso addresses an array of additional advantages associated with the Fundamental Index approach. You'll discover how it allows for more flexibility in your asset allocation decisions and learn how it can be particularly useful when dealing with inefficient market categories such as small companies and emerging markets. Best of all, you'll see how well Fundamental Index portfolios perform when excess returns are needed most—during market and economic downturns.
In the years ahead, the Fundamental Index approach will become an important part of the indexing community and an essential alternative for those who are disappointed with the hollow promises of active management and frustrated with the market bubbles that traditional index funds pull us into. This innovative and accessible strategy will give experienced and aspiring investors—and their advisors—a new tool to achieve better returns in a variety of markets and conditions. Pick up this book today and discover how the Fundamental Index strategy can work for you.
From the Back Cover
Praise for the fundamental index
"The Fundamental Index® method is a controversial financial innovation in the field of passive investing, but this book confronts the whole range of controversy head on. The case for use of the Fundamental Index method and against cap-weighted indexes is uncommonly lucid, well illustrated, and attention-grabbing. You cannot reach a judgment on the Fundamental Index strategy, pro or con, without reading The Fundamental Index."
—Peter L. Bernstein, author of Capital Ideas Evolving
"The Fundamental Index method is a financial innovation so logical that it is compelling to any and all who believe that common sense is a required ingredient for portfolio construction."
—Bill Gross, Chief Investment Officer and founder of PIMCO
"Rob Arnott's idea is both elegant and profound, yet some very smart people have trouble grasping his idea because of their unexamined assumptions about how the market works. This book will help the reader get past those assumptions."
—Jack Treynor, President of Treynor Capital Management, Inc.
"Rob Arnott is a financial pioneer and this volume is a welcome addition to the rapidly evolving debate surrounding the true nature of indexation and passive investing."
—Andrew W. Lo, Harris & Harris Group Professor, Director, MIT Laboratory for Financial Engineering, MIT Sloan School of Management
"Rob's research on the Fundamental Index approach was a major epiphany for me. He has turned conventional investing wisdom on its head. This idea is a BIG deal—it will be the fastest new investment idea to reach $100 billion in assets in history. Every investor needs to read this book."
—John Mauldin, Millennium Wave Investments, author of Bull's Eye Investing and Just One Thing
Most helpful customer reviews
58 of 61 people found the following review helpful.
Past performance is no guarantee of future one
By Abacus
This book written by the strongest advocate practitioner (Arnott) of Fundamental Indexing (FI) is well written. But, you should not confuse a FI manifesto for a balanced analysis on FI vs Market Cap Indexing (MCI). Arnott goes as far as stating that FI has redefined the entire investment Efficiency Frontier (pg. 241) as for any level of risk, he believes FI earns a higher return. And, for any level of return FI reduces your risk. To his credit, Arnott does a good job of addressing the main critiques against FI in chapters 10 and 11. However, for more challenging FI rebuttals, I recommend the articles by Paul Kaplan and Andre Perold.
The logical advantage of FI is unclear. In the Foreword, Harry Markowitz makes an example with a two stock portfolio and shows how stock mispricing will cause MCI to be over weighted in the overpriced stock. When such a stock reverts back to its fair value, MCI suffers a return drag vs FI. But, Andre Perold using Bayesian analysis, takes apart this exact same example because you don't know beforehand which stock is over valued. To further confuse things, Arnott early in the book (page 38) contradicts himself. He states that a MC index does not have a negative Alpha. But, capitalization weighting does. That's not possible. Either they both incur negative Alpha, or they don't (besides the minor cost difference). Later, on page 208 according to his own analysis, Arnott recognizes that with large caps only 1/3 of the FI value added comes from its actual structure. The other 2/3 come from small cap and value tilts.
To clarify this issue, I will review: a) what I expect the difference between FI and MCI to be, b) the historical records, and c) the FI outlook.
Because FI is under weighing growth stocks, I expect it outperforms during Bear markets and underperforms during Bull markets. Because Bull markets are much longer than Bear ones, I expect FI to earn lower returns but with lower volatility. On a risk-adjusted basis the two should earn equivalent returns. When factoring FI higher turnover resulting in higher operating costs and taxes, MCI should come out slightly ahead.
FI historical back tested records are very impressive. Contrary to my expectation, over the 1962 to 2007 period FI outperformed MCI in Bull markets (by a small margin). And it killed MCI by several percentage points in Bear markets. Overall, FI beats MCI by 2 percentage points p.a. (for large cap) while incurring the same risk (same standard deviation). FI beats the MCI for just about any segment of the equities market: large cap, small cap, value, growth, international, country specific (pg. 123), emerging markets, and REIT. The FI advantage increases from 2% to up to 6% as you move into less efficient markets such as emerging markets. Such historical results are not entirely explained simply by FI smaller cap and value tilt. Any higher return is usually associated with much higher risk (but not for FI). Also, FI beats MCI when focusing on either value or small cap stocks only. Thus, something is going on besides small cap value tilt. Arnott states FI superiority is due to the inefficient allocation of MCI that overweighs the growth stocks that suffer the worst returns in Bear markets. But, FI under weights this same growth stocks during Bull markets. What the FI gains during Bear markets, it should give back during Bull markets. But, it did not. It beat the MCI during Bull markets too. The few times the FI fell behind is during short bubbles such as the late 90s dot.com bubble.
Actual live performance of FI funds has been so far not impressive. This contradicts the author's assertion on page 176. That's because my data set extends another 7 months since the book was published. I investigated the two RAFI funds with available public records: RAFI US 1000 (PRF) covering large caps started in December 2005 and RAFI US 1500 (PRFZ) covering smaller firms. The funds history is short, but is a good test as it captures a Bear Market that started in May 2007. Thus, I would expect the RAFI funds to do better than their MC index fund counterparts. I compared PRF and PRFZ with the traditional index funds most correlated with them, respectively Vanguard Large Cap Value (VIVAX) and Vanguard Small Cap Value Index (VISVX). Since inception the RAFI funds have earned the same return (essentially zero) while incurring the same volatility vs their traditional index counterparts. Since May 2007 (beginning of Bear Market), PRF return is - 23.1% vs - 22.7% for VIVAX. (PRF did a bit worst than VIVAX). Meanwhile PRFZ return is - 20.3% vs - 21.9% for VISVX. (PRFZ did better than VISVX). In both cases, those RAFI funds way underperformed a plain total stock market index fund, especially in a Bear market. This short term track record, especially in a Bear market that should favor RAFI funds, does not give you confidence that such funds will duplicate the impressive historical back tested record.
Paul Kaplan suggests already the next step: MCI with boundaries delineated by certain multiple of fundamentals. He calls this a collared index. When a specific stock would bubble its weight within the portfolio would be reduced by the delineated fundamentals boundaries. By doing so you would preserve the advantages of MCI (low cost, diversification) while avoiding excessive concentration in over heating stocks (FI advantage). I hope Kaplan puts this concept into practice.
If you find this book interesting, I recommend the following books that also defy existing investment theory: Market Volatility, Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets, and The Misbehavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin & Reward. If you want to better understand what traditional investment indexing is about, I recommend the classic A Random Walk Down Wall Street: The Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing, Ninth Edition.
11 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
A must-read for serious investors
By Craig Barker
The Fundamental Index is a must-read for serious investors. The authors make a compelling case for the use of fundamental index products in a portfolio designed to outperform its benchmark. I was impressed that the authors devoted two full chapters (10 and 11) to addressing opposing arguments. I found Chapter 13 especially useful, as it contains 10-year return forecasts for bonds and equities from one of the world's leading asset allocators. I was so impressed with the quality of the book that I have since purchased a number of copies to share with other investors.
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Book Review from the Aleph Blog
By David Merkel
The books keep rolling in; I keep reviewing. Given that I am a generalist, perhaps this is a good task for me. Before I start for the evening, though, because I know the material relatively well, I skimmed the book, and read the parts that I thought were the most critical.
The Religious War Over Indexing
Passive investors are often passionate investors when it comes to what they think is right and wrong. For market cap or float-weighted indexers:
* The market is efficient!
* Keep expenses low!
* Don't trade fund positions!
* Fundholders buy and hold!
* Tax efficiency!
* Weight by market cap or float!
For fundamental indexers:
* The market is inefficient (in specific gameable ways).
* Keep expenses relatively low.
* Adjust internal fund positions as valuations change!
* Fundholders buy and hold!
* Relative tax efficiency!
* Weight by fundamental value!
Some of the arguments in Journals like the Financial Analysts Jounrnal have been heated. The two sides believe in their positions passionately.
For purposes of this review, I'm going to call the first group classical indexers, and the second group fundamental indexers. The first group asks the following question: "How can I get the average return out of a class of publicly buyable assets?" The answer is easy. Buy the same fraction of shares of every member of the class of assets. The neat part about this answer, is everyone can do it. The entirety of shares could be owned in such a manner. Aside from buyouts and replacements for companies bought out, the turnover is non-existent. Net new cash replicates existing positions.
The fundamental indexer asks a different question, namely: "What common accounting (or other) variables, relatively standard across companies, are indicators of the likely future value of the firm? Let's set up a portfolio that weights the positions by the estimated future values." Estimates of future value get updated periodically and the weights change as well, so there is more trading.
Now, not all fundamental indexers are the same. They have different proxies for value -- dividend yield, earnings yield, sales, book value, cash flow, free cash flow, etc. They will come to different answers. Even with the different answers, not everyone could fundamentally index, because at some point the member of the asset class with the highest ratio of fundamental weight as a ratio of float weight will be bought up in entire. No one else would be able to replicate the fundamental weightings.
So, why all of the fuss? Well, in tests going back to 1962, the particular method of fundamental indexing that the authors use would beat the S&P 500 by 2%/year. That's worth the fuss. Now, I have kind of a middle position on this. I think that fundamental indexing is superior to classic indexing, so long as it is not overdone as a strategy. Fundamental indexing is just another form of enhanced indexing, tilting the portfolio to value, and smaller cap, both of which tend to lead to outperformance. It also allows for sector and company-level rebalancing changes from valuation changes, which also aids outperformance. In one sense fundamental weighting reminds me of Tobin's Q -- it is an attempt to back into replacement cost. Buy more of the assets with low market to replacement cost ratios.
But to me, it is a form of enhanced indexing rather than indexing, because everyone can't do it. Fundamental Indexing will change valuations in the marketplace as it becomes a bigger strategy, wiping out some of its advantages. The same is not true of classic indexing, which just buys a fixed fraction of a total asset class.
Though the book is about fundamental indexing, and the intellectual and market battle versus classic indexing, there are many other topics touched on in the book, including:
* Asset Allocation -- best done with forward looking estimates of earnings yields (another case of if everyone did this, it wouldn't work.. but everyone doesn't do it. Ask Jeremy Grantham...)
* The difference to investors between dollar vs time weighted returns by equity style and sector. (Value and Large lose less to bad trading on the part of fund investors... in general, the more volatile, the more fund investors lose from bad market timing.)
* A small section on assumptions behind the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and how none of them are true. (Trying to show that a cap-weighted portfolio would not be optimal...)
* And a section on how future returns from stocks are likely to be lower than what we have experienced over the last half century.
One more note: I finally got how fundamental weighting might work with bonds, though it is not explained well in the book. Weight the bond holdings toward what your own models think they should be worth one year from now. That's not the way the book explains it, but it is how I think it could be reasonably implemented.
The Verdict
I recommend the book. The authors are Bob Arnott, Jason Hsu, and John West. At 260 pages of main text, and a lot of graphs, it is a reasonable read. The tone is occasionally strident toward classic indexing, which to me is still a good strategy, just not as good as fundamental indexing. (It sounds like Bob wrote most of the book from a tone standpoint... but I could be wrong.)
Who should buy this book? Academics interested in the debate, and buyers of indexed equity products should buy the book. It is well-written, and ably sets forth the case for fundamental indexing.
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